Automated Diabetic Retinopathy Detection Using Histogram of Oriented Gradients Features and Random Forest Classification: A Comparative Study with Deep Learning Approaches. International Journal of Artificial Intelligence Applications, [S. l.], v. 1, n. 2, 2025. DOI: 10.71356/ijaia.v1.i2.63. Disponível em: https://ijaia.com/index.php/IJAIA/article/view/63. Acesso em: 7 jan. 2026.